References

An in-text citation is a brief reference inserted directly into the body of a text. It is placed directly after the text that is being referenced.

The most common in-text citation is the parenthetical citation and uses the following formats.

*Use the abbreviations “p.” for 1 page or “pp.” for page range.
When pages aren’t numbered, use “Chapter”, “para.” for a single paragraph or “paras.” for multiple paragraphs.

The other type of in-text citation is the narrative citation. It is used when the name of the author is integrated as part of a sentence and uses the following formats.

With parenthetical citations, repeat the full citation (author, date).

With narrative citations, only include the full citation (author, date) the first time it is used in a paragraph.

The abbreviation “ibid.” is not used in the APA Style.

When using parenthetical citations: (AI company name, year)

When using narrative citations: AI company name (year)

A reference list is a dedicated section that provides the full, detailed bibliographic information for every source you have cited in the body of a text. It is generally placed at the end of the text. The list is alphabetized using the first letter of the author’s names.

The format is as follows:

Author’s last name, first name initials (copyright year). Book titles (edition and volume). Publisher. DOI or URL

• The title is always in italics.
• Title capitalization should respect the one used in the publication.
• Information like the edition, volume, DOI and URL is not always applicable. Use it only if available: many sources you use will not have them.

DOI vs URL

DOI: A unique identifier assigned to an intellectual property, presented in the form of a hyperlink that is permanent.

URL: A web address that specifies the location of a digital resource on the internet.

If a source has a DOI, no need to cite the URL. Use the URL when a source doesn't have a DOI.

Different types of sources require different types of references.

Here are some of the most common instances you will come across.

To cite articles in periodicals, use the following format:
Author’s last name, first name initial, author 2’s last name, first name initial & author 3’s last name, first name initial (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number (issue number), page numbers. DOI or URL

To cite a dictionary, a thesaurus or an encyclopedia, use the following formats:

When written by a group of authors or an organization:
Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In title of referenced work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

When written by an individual author:
Author’s last name, First name (Year) Title of entry. In Editor name (ed.), Title of referenced work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

To cite an edited book, use the following formats:

Basic format:
Author’s last name, first name initials (year of publication). Title of work: Capitalized first word in subtitle too. Publisher. DOI (if available)

Edited book with no author:
Editor’s last name, first name & editor 2’s last name, first name (Eds.). (year of publication). Title of work: Capitalized first word in subtitle too. Publisher. DOI (if available)

Translated edited book:
Author’s last name, first name initials (year of publication). Title of work: Capitalized first word in subtitle too (Translator’s first name initials and last name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published year) DOI (if available)

When citing works by multiple authors, use the following formats:

For 2 authors:
List the authors’ last names and initials, separating them with a comma and an ampersand “&.”

For 3 to 20 authors:
List the authors’ last names and initials, separating them with a comma, separating the last name with a comma and an ampersand “&.”

For more than 20 authors:
List the authors’ last names and initials, separating them with a comma. After the 19th name, use an ellipsis “...” and end with the final author name.

For group authors with no single identifications:
Use the name of the group instead of the authors’ names.

When citing webpages, use the following formats:

When the author's name is available:
Author’s last name, first name initials (year, month day). Title of page. Site name. URL

When only a group name is available:
Group name (year, month day). Title of page. Site name. URL

When no authors’ or groups are named:
Title of page (year, month day). Site Name. Retrieved month day, year, from URL
*The Retrieved date is the date when you used the webpage.

When citing generative AI, use the following format:

AI Company Name. (year, month day). Title of chat [Description of AI tool]. Tool Name/Model. Chat URL

When citing audiovisual media, use the following formats:

Film & video
Director’s last name, first name initials (Director). (Date of publication). Title of film or video [Film]. Production company.

Film & video in another language
Director’s last name, first name initials (Director). (Date of publication). Title of film or video in original language [Translated Title] [Film]. Production company.

TV show or series
Executive Producer’s last name, first name initials (Executive Producer). (Airing dates). Title of show or series [TV series]. Production company(s)

TV show or series episode
Writer’s last name, first name initials (Writer), & Director’s last name, first name initials (Director). (Original airing date). Title of episode (season/series number, episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer’s first name initials full last name (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company.

Video hosting websites (YouTube, Dailymotion, Vimeo…)
Uploader name. (Date of publication). Title of Video [Video]. Website host. URL

Music album
Artist name. (year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label.

Single song or track
Artist name. (year of release). Title of song/track [Song]. Title of album [Album]. Record label.
*When citing a classical piece of music, list the composer instead of the recording artist.

Podcast
Executive Producer’s last name, first name initials (Executive Producer). (Airing dates). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL

Podcast episode
Executive Producer’s last name, first name initials (Executive Producer). (Airing date). Title of podcast episode (Episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. Title of podcast. Production company. URL

Artwork in a museum or a museum website.
Artist’s last name, first name initials (year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of museum, City, State/Province, Country, URL of museum
*When a cited art piece doesn’t have a title, provide a brief description in square brackets [description].

Photograph (not associated with a museum)
Photographer’s last name, first name initials (year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL